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[Items with a PMID number will usually have abstracts available to read. Go to the PubMed website: http://www4.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi and enter the accession number into the search box.]

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24. Letter to Sponsors Using Vero Cells as a Cell Substrate for Investigational Vaccines. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Division of Vaccines and Related Products Applications, March 12, 2001. www.fda.gov/cber/ltr/vero031301.htm

25. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Evolving Scientific and Regulatory Perspectives on Cell Substrates for Vaccine Development. http://www.fda.gov/cber/minutes/0907evolv.txt

26. Lewis AM Jr. Developing an approach to evaluate the use of neoplastic cells as vaccine substrates. Dev Biol (Basel) 2001;106:37-42; discussion 42-3. PMID 11761251.

27. Purcell DF. Pathogenesis of replication competent retroviruses derived from mouse cells in immuno suppressed primates: implications for use of neoplastic cells as vaccine substrates. Dev Biol (Basel) 2001;106:187-98; discussion 199, 253-63. PMID 11761231.

28. Amosenko FA, Svitkin YV, Popova VD, Terletskaya EN, Timofeev AV, Elbert LB, Lashkevich VA, Drozdov SG. Use of protamine sulphate for elimination of substrate DNA in polio vaccines produced on continuous cell lines. Vaccine 1991 Mar;9(3):207-9. PMID 1645900.

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30. Ruscetti SK. Generation of mink cell focus-inducing retroviruses: a model for understanding how viral-viral and viral-cellular interactions can result in biological consequences. Dev Biol (Basel) 2001;106:163-7; discussion 167-8, 253-63. PMID 11761228.

31. Hilleman MR. History, precedent, and progress in the development of mammalian cell culture systems for preparing vaccines: safety considerations revisited. J Med Virol 1990 May;31(1):5-12. PMID 2198327.

32. Butel JS, Lednicky JA. Cell and molecular biology of simian virus 40: implications for human infections and disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999 Jan 20;91(2):119-34. PMID 9923853.

33. Arrington AS, Lednicky JA, Butel JS. Molecular characterization of SV40 DNA in multiple samples from a human mesothelioma. Anticancer Res 2000 Mar-Apr;20(2A):879-84. PMID 10810370.

34. Vilchez RA, Madden CR, Kozinetz CA, Halvorson SJ, White ZS, Jorgensen JL, Finch CJ, Butel JS. Association between simian virus 40 and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lancet 2002 Mar 9;359(9309):817-23. PMID 11897278.

35. Shivapurkar N, Harada K, Reddy J, Scheuermann RH, Xu Y, McKenna RW, Milchgrub S, Kroft SH, Feng Z, Gazdar AF. Presence of simian virus 40 DNA sequences in human lymphomas. Lancet 2002 Mar 9;359(9309):851-2. PMID 11897287.

36. Bu X, Zhang X, Zhang X, et Al. A study of simian virus 40 infection and its origin in human brain tumors. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2000 Feb;21(1):19-21. PMID 11860751.

37. Butel JS, Jafar S, Wong C, Arrington AS, Opekun AR, Finegold MJ, Adam E. Evidence of SV40 infections in hospitalized children. Hum Pathol 1999 Dec;30(12):1496-502. PMID 10667429.

38. von Mettenheim AE. Studies on simian viruses as possible contaminants of inactivated virus vaccines. I. Direct and serologic detection of simian adenovirus SV20. Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1975 Jul;232(2-3):131-40. PMID 1179876.

39. Schuurman R, van Steenis B, Sol C. Bovine polyomavirus, a frequent contaminant of calf serum. Biologicals 1991 Oct;19(4):265-70. PMID 1665699.

40. Nettleton PF, Rweyemamu MM. The association of calf serum with the contamination of BHK21 clone 13 suspension cells by a parvovirus serologically related to the minute virus of mice (MVM). Arch Virol 1980;64(4):359-74. PMID 7396725.

41. Fong CK, Gross PA, Hsiung GD, Swack NS. Use of electron microscopy for detection of viral and other microbial contaminants in bovine sera. J Clin Microbiol 1975 Feb;1(2):219-24. PMID 51855.

42. Erickson GA, Bolin SR, Landgraf JG. Viral contamination of fetal bovine serum used for tissue culture: risks and concerns. Dev Biol Stand 1991;75:173-5. PMID 1665460.

43. Kniazeff AJ, Wopschall LJ, Hopps HE, Morris CS. Detection of bovine viruses in fetal bovine serum used in cell culture. In Vitro 1975 Nov-Dec;11(6):400-3. PMID 172434.

44. Michalski FJ, Dietz A, Hsiung GD. Growth characteristics of bovine herpesvirus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) in human diploid cell strain WI-38. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1976 Feb;151(2):407-10. PMID 175382.

45. Egyed L. Bovine herpesvirus type 4: a special herpesvirus (review article). Acta Vet Hung 2000;48(4):501-13. PMID 11402667.

46. Egyed L. Replication of bovine herpesvirus type 4 in human cells in vitro. J Clin Microbiol 1998 Jul;36(7):2109-11. PMID 9650976.

47. Johnson ES. Poultry oncogenic retroviruses and humans. Cancer Detect Prev 1994;18(1):9-30. PMID 8162609.

48. For example, see Nevins JR, “Cell Transformation by Viruses”, in Knipe DM et al (ed.), 2001. Fields Virology (4th ed), Vol. I, chapter 10, p.245-283. Lippincott. Also see Joklik WK, “Tumor Viruses”, in Joklik WK et al, 1992. Zinsser Microbiology (20th ed), chapter 59, p.869-905. Appleton & Lange.

49. Felder MP, Eychene A, Laugier D, Marx M, Dezelee P, Calothy G. Steps and mechanisms of oncogene transduction by retroviruses. Folia Biol (Praha) 1994;40(5):225-35. PMID 7895853.

50. Harris RJ, Dougherty RM, Biggs PM, Payne LN, Goffe AP, Churchill AE, Mortimer R. Contaminant viruses in two live virus vaccines produced in chick cells. J Hyg (Lond) 1966 Mar;64(1):1-7. PMID 4286627.

51. Payne LN, Biggs PM, Chubb RC, Bowden RS. Contamination of egg-adapted canine distemper vaccine by avian leukosis virus. Vet Rec 1966 Jan 8;78(2):45-8. PMID 4285488.

52. Knipe DM et al (ed.) 2001. Fields Virology (4th ed), Vol. I, p.1103. Lippincott.

53. Johnson JA, Heneine W. Characterization of endogenous avian leukosis viruses in chicken embryonic fibroblast substrates used in production of measles and mumps vaccines. J Virol 2001 Apr;75(8):3605-12. PMID 11264350.

54. Maudru T, Peden KW. Analysis of a coded panel of licensed vaccines by polymerase chain reaction-based reverse transcriptase assays: a collaborative study. J Clin Virol 1998 Jul 24;11(1):19-28. PMID 9784140.

55. Tsang SX, Switzer WM, Shanmugam V, Johnson JA, Goldsmith C, Wright A, Fadly A, Thea D, Jaffe H, Folks TM, Heneine W. Evidence of avian leukosis virus subgroup E and endogenous avian virus in measles and mumps vaccines derived from chicken cells: investigation of transmission to vaccine recipients. J Virol 1999 Jul;73(7):5843-51. PMID 10364336.

56. Hussain AI, Shanmugam V, Switzer WM, Tsang SX, Fadly A, Thea D, Helfand R, Bellini WJ, Folks TM, Heneine W. Lack of evidence of endogenous avian leukosis virus and endogenous avian retrovirus transmission to measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine recipients. Emerg Infect Dis 2001 Jan-Feb;7(1):66-72. PMID 11266296. Full article text available at www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/hussain.htm

57. Arshad SS, Howes K, Barron GS, Smith LM, Russell PH, Payne LN. Tissue tropism of the HPRS-103 strain of J subgroup avian leukosis virus and of a derivative acutely transforming virus. Vet Pathol 1997 Mar;34(2):127-37. PMID 9066079.

58. Johnson ES, Overby L, Philpot R. Detection of antibodies to avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses and reticuloendotheliosis viruses in humans by western blot assay. Cancer Detect Prev 1995;19(6):472-86. PMID 8925516.

59. Raines MA, Maihle NJ, Moscovici C, Crittenden L, Kung HJ. Mechanism of c-erbB transduction: newly released transducing viruses retain poly(A) tracts of erbB transcripts and encode C-terminally intact erbB proteins. J Virol 1988 Jul;62(7):2437-43. PMID 2897475.

60. Joklik WK, “Tumor Viruses”, in Joklik WK et al, 1992. Zinsser Microbiology (20th ed.), chapter 59, p.889. Appleton & Lange.

61. Geier MR, Stanbro H, Merril CR. Endotoxins in commercial vaccines. Appl Environ Microbiol 1978 Sep;36(3):445-9. PMID 727776.

62. Kreeftenberg JG, Loggen HG, van Ramshorst JD, Beuvery EC. The limulus amebocyte lysate test micromethod and application in the control of sera and vaccines. Dev Biol Stand 1977;34:15-20. PMID 838139.

63. Sharma SK. Endotoxin detection and elimination in biotechnology. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1986 Feb;8(1):5-22. PMID 3548752.

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65. Cussler K, Godau H, Gyra H. Investigation of the endotoxin content of veterinary vaccines. ALTEX 1994;11(5):24-29. PMID 11178403.

66. Whitaker AM, Smith EM. Effect of bacterial toxins in serum on the chromosomes of WI-38. Dev Biol Stand 1976 Dec 13-15;37:185-90. PMID 801471.

67. See “What are nanobacteria?” at http://www.nanobaclabs.com/
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68. Breitschwerdt EB, Sontakke S, Cannedy A, Hancock SI, Bradley JM. Infection with Bartonella weissii and detection of Nanobacterium antigens in a North Carolina beef herd. J Clin Microbiol 2001 Mar;39(3):879-82. PMID 11230398. Full article text available at http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/
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69. Nanobacteria detected in vaccines. NanoNews 2001 July;1(2). Article available at http://www.nanobaclabs.com/Files/Newsletter/JulyNANONEWS1.pdf

70. Cell Culture Contamination Example. Mycoplasma. http://www.unc.edu/depts/tcf/mycoplasma.htm

71. Prasad E, Lim-Fong R. Mycoplasmas. http://www2.provlab.ab.ca/bugs/biologos/9702mypl.htm

72. Mycoplasma Detection Kit. http://www.atcc.org/Products/MycoplasmaDetectKit.cfm

73. Mattman LH, 2001. Cell wall deficient forms: stealth pathogens (3rd ed.). CRC Press.

74. Uphoff CC, Drexler HG. Prevention of mycoplasma contamination in leukemia-lymphoma cell lines. Hum Cell 2001 Sep;14(3):244-7. PMID 11774744.

75. Mycoplasma Detection and Elimination. http://www.dsmz.de/mutz/mutzmyco.htm

76. Mycoplasma Detection Kit. http://www.biovalley.fr/anglais/biology/mob_cc.htm

77. Kojima A, Takahashi T, Kijima M, Ogikubo Y, Tamura Y, Harasawa R. Detection of mycoplasma DNA in veterinary live virus vaccines by the polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Med Sci 1996 Oct;58(10):1045-8. PMID 8916012.

78. Kojima A, Takahashi T, Kijima M, Ogikubo Y, Nishimura M, Nishimura S, Harasawa R, Tamura Y. Detection of Mycoplasma in avian live virus vaccines by polymerase chain reaction. Biologicals 1997 Dec;25(4):365-71. PMID 9467032.

79. Benisheva T, Sovova V, Ivanov I, Opalchenova G. Comparison of methods used for detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures, sera, and live-virus vaccines. Folia Biol (Praha) 1993;39(5):270-6. PMID 8206173.

80. Nicolson GL, Nass M, Nicolson N. Anthrax vaccine: controversy over safety and efficacy. Antimicrobics and Infectious Disease Newsletter (Elsevier Science) 2000. Article located at http://www.flatlandbooks.com/anthrax.html

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82. Kong F, James G, Gordon S, Zelynski A, Gilbert GL. Species-specific PCR for identification of common contaminant mollicutes in cell culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001 Jul;67(7):3195-200. PMID 11425741.

83. Mycoplasma testing by PCR. http://locus.umdnj.edu/nia/qc/myco.html

84. Mycoplasma sp. Reagent Set. http://www.euroclone.net/mol_biology/mycoplasma.htm

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88. Lavappa KS. Survey of ATCC stocks of human cell lines for HeLa contamination. In Vitro 1978 May;14(5):469-75. PMID 566722.

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95. Stacey GN. Cell contamination leads to inaccurate data: we must take action now. Nature 2000 Jan 27;403(6768):356. PMID 10667765.

96. Kniss DA, Xie Y, Li Y, Kumar S, Linton EA, Cohen P, Fan-Havard P, Redman CW, Sargent IL. ED(27) Trophoblast-like Cells Isolated from First-trimester Chorionic Villi are Genetically Identical to HeLa Cells Yet Exhibit a Distinct Phenotype. Placenta 2002 Jan;23(1):32-43. PMID 11869090.

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109. See a discussion of issues surrounding proposed forced smallpox vaccination at: Fisher, BL. Smallpox and forced vaccination: what every American needs to know. The Vaccine Reaction, Winter 2002. Article available at http://www.909shot.com/smallpoxspecialrpt.htm.  The entire text of the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act, currently being considered by the various U.S. state governments is available at http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA2.pdf

110. National Vaccine Program Office, Vaccine Fact Sheets: Vaccine Product Approval Process. Article available at http://www.cdc.gov/od/nvpo/fs_tableII_doc2.htm

111. Garnick RL. Raw materials as a source of contamination in large-scale cell culture. Dev Biol Stand 1998;93:21-9. PMID 9737373.

112. Fadly AM, Smith EJ. Isolation and some characteristics of a subgroup J-like avian leukosis virus associated with myeloid leukosis in meat-type chickens in the United States. Avian Dis 1999 Jul-Sep;43(3):391-400. PMID 10494407.

113. Grunder AA, Benkel BF, Chambers JR, Sabour MP, Gavora JS, Dickie JW. Characterization of four endogenous viral genes in semi-congenic lines of meat chickens. Poult Sci 1999 Jun;78(6):873-7. PMID 10438132.

114. Pham TD, Spencer JL, Johnson ES. Detection of avian leukosis virus in albumen of chicken eggs using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 1999 Mar;78(1-2):1-11. PMID 10204692.

115. http://www.worldnetdaily.com
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116. Kopelovich L. Are all normal diploid human cell strains alike? Relevance to carcinogenic mechanisms in vitro. Exp Cell Biol 1982;50(5):266-70. PMID

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